Global Carbon Budget 2024

This year's update of the global carbon budget is published (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025). We contributed again with LPJ-GUESS to this annual international exercise that quantifies the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. The paper describes and synthesizes the datasets and methodologies applied, and their uncertainties.
Global fossil CO₂ emissions have risen by 0.8% in 2024, reaching 37.4 GtCO₂, with increases mainly from oil, gas, and international transport, while emissions in the EU and the U.S. decline. Land-use changes continue to contribute to CO₂ emissions, with deforestation remaining a major source, though forest regrowth offsets some of the impact. The atmospheric CO₂ concentration is projected to reach 422 ppm, with ocean and land carbon sinks showing variability due to climate conditions, including El Niño and increased wildfire activity.